新型电力系统构建中虚拟电厂发展的问题讨论

王 进

国合能源研究院

E-mail: wangjin@etib.cn

报告摘要

在新型电力系统加速建设背景下，风光装机快速扩张带来消纳压力加大，弃风弃光问题凸显，电网调峰、安全保障等系统运营成本持续攀升，同时绿电呈现发电侧售价偏低、用户侧采购成本偏高的价格错配矛盾。虚拟电厂作为聚合分布式电源、储能、可调负荷的重要调节载体，是破解上述痛点的关键路径。本文梳理国内虚拟电厂的试点实践模式，归纳当前发展堵点：市场主体权责界定不清、辅助服务市场品种不足、收益模式单一、数据与调度协同机制不完善、跨省资源联动存在壁垒等。对比欧盟成熟经验，其通过立法明确聚合商独立市场身份、开放多品类电力市场、建立清晰的价格信号与收益机制，实现需求侧资源深度参与系统平衡。研究提出我国虚拟电厂发展思路：完善市场规则体系，打通源网荷储协同链条，拓宽收益渠道，建立可信调控与数据安全机制，因地制宜分类发展，依托市场化机制充分释放分散调节资源价值，助力新型电力系统安全经济高效运行。

关键词：新型电力系统；虚拟电厂；弃风弃光；电力市场；聚合资源

Issues of Virtual Power Plant Development for Building the New Power System

Wang, Jin

Guohe Energy Research Institute

E-mail: wangjin@etib.cn

With the accelerated construction of the new power system, the rapid expansion of wind and solar capacity has intensified accommodation pressure, resulting in rising curtailment of wind and solar power. Grid operational costs for peak regulation and security keep increasing, while green power faces price distortion: low selling prices for generators and high purchasing costs for consumers. As a flexible resource aggregator integrating distributed generators, energy storage and adjustable loads, the virtual power plant (VPP) provides a vital solution. This paper sorts out China’s pilot VPP models and identifies major bottlenecks, including ambiguous legal status of aggregators, limited ancillary service products, oversimplified revenue streams, insufficient coordination of data and dispatching, and inter-provincial transaction barriers. Drawing on EU experience, which clarifies the independent market role of aggregators by legislation, opens diversified electricity markets and establishes effective price signals, this study proposes development pathways for China. It suggests improving market rules, breaking barriers for source-grid-load-storage coordination, diversifying profit models, building reliable control and data security systems, and promoting differentiated VPP deployment, so as to fully mobilize distributed flexibility resources and support secure, economical and efficient operation of the new power system.

Keywords: new power system; virtual power plant; wind and solar curtailment; electricity market; aggregated resources

作者简介：

王进，经济学博士、教授，现任国合能源研究院院长、新能源国际投资联盟副理事长、中国开发区协会零碳园区专委会主任。获美国埃默里大学（Emory University）经济学博士学位。曾任职于国家计委、国家发改委国际合作中心国际能源研究所，并有美国高校与公共机构教学和研究经历，曾任教于中国人民大学和上海大学。长期深耕能源经济、电力市场、新型电力系统、零碳园区、绿氢与碳中和研究，重点研究源网荷储协同、虚拟电厂、算电协同、能源国际合作等。兼任若干上市公司独立董事，持续参与国内能源政策研究、产业智库咨询与行业论坛研判，输出大量关于石油天然气、新能源、电力市场、碳排放及双碳落地路径的研究观点。